-- CHAPTER 5 - GRASSLANDS AND SEMI-ARID LANDS
(5-A) - Grasslands in General
[0] Grasslands in General, [1] Savanna, [2] Drylands, [3] Shrub lands, [4] Grazed Lands, [5] Riparian Areas, [6] Conversions to Other Uses
(5-B) -Rangelands - [1] Global, [2] Australia and Oceania, [3] Latin America, [4] U.S.
(5-C) -- Permanent (Managed) Pastures
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(5-A) - GRASSLANDS IN GENERAL
[0]
PAGE researchers used satellite data and counted mosaics with other uses as grasslands wherever other uses constituted less than 40% of the mosaic. This produced an estimate of 52.5 million km2 of grassland globally ((og00W1), p. 122). (la)
Estimates of the world's grassland ecosystems range from 41-56 million km2
(og75W3) (og79A1) (og83O1).
In the mountains of Eastern Siberia, total grassland area is 20,000 km2
(og02S1). (la)
6,670 km2 of grassland were converted to cropland in China's Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Guangxi provinces (Loess Plateau) over the past 30 years (og89F1). (60 million people live on the loess plateau (og89F1).) (la) Comments:
Loess is highly erodible soil with low organic matter content. This is because
it is wind-deposited soils. Low organic matter typically means low
fertility.
Little Missouri (the largest National Grasslands) covers 2.9 million acres (11,700 km2) in ND, SD, WY and NB -- 25% of US national grassland area (AP, 9/9/99). (la)
202 km2 of Guam's 544 km2 is open grassland (df73H1). (la)
[1] Savanna
Savannas cover 1.5 million km2 of Brazilian cerrado ((se90W1), p. 116). (la)
Savanna soils are highly acidic, have low nutrient content, and are erosion-prone when hilly ((se90W1), p. 93).
Savannas cover 2.5 million km2 of South America ((se90W1), p. 116). (la)
Savannas, which some people believe to have been entirely converted from tropical forests, cover a global area of 15 million km2
(df79S1). (la)
Savanna Inventories: (Areas are in millions of km2 or in % of total land area) (la)
Region ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ |Area | References
Global ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 15.0|(df79S1)
Tropical Africa~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 10.0|(se92C1)
South America~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ |~ 2.5|(se90W1)
Brazilian cerrado~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ |~ 1.5|(se90W1)
Llanos of Colombia/ Venezuela~ |~ 0.3|(se90W1), p.116.
Tropics (+associated grasslands|~ 49%|(se75S1), Ref.16.
2/3 of the earth's savannas are in Africa (og99L1). (la) (See table above.)
[2] Drylands
Status of Global Dry-land* Degradation as of 1983-84 (se89P2) (la)
(Col. 2 = Area at least moderately degraded (millions of km2))
(Col. 3 = Total global area of that land category (millions of km2))
(Col. 4 = Area deteriorating to zero net economic return (millions of km2/ year))
Moisture Zones in Africa (Areas are in millions of km2) (se93H1) (M. Hulme, R. Marsh, P.D. Jones, Climate Research, 2 (1992) pp. 1-22) (la) (See Section (6-B) - Hyper-arid lands and Deserts.)
Moisture~ ~ ~ | ~ Precip.| Area~ | Area
Zone~ ~ ~ ~ ~ |(cm/ year)|1931-60|1961-90
Hyper-Arid~ ~ | 0-10 ~ ~ | 4.51~ | 5.02
Arid~ ~ ~ ~ ~ |10-25 ~ ~ | 6.77~ | 6.80
Semi-Arid ~ ~ |25-50 ~ ~ | 6.21~ | 6.07
Dry, sub-humid| ?~ ~ ~ ~ | 2.64~ | 2.50
Humid ~ ~ ~ ~ | ?~ ~ ~ ~ | 9.72~ | 9.47
Totals~ ~ ~ ~ | -- ~ ~ ~ |29.85~ |29.86
Extensive dry (semi-arid?) meadows prevail in the forest zone of
Siberia and Far East Russia. They cover 54.2% of the total grassland area in Western Siberia (og03S1). This type of meadow occupies 35.9% of the total area of grasslands in Middle Siberia. These meadows cover 38.1% in Far East Russia. Floodplain meadows are widespread (33.5%) in Western Siberia (og03S1).
Swamped and low-lying meadows occupy 36.4% of the total grassland area in Far East Russia (og03S1). (la)
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[3] Shrub-lands
US Range Land by Ecosystem and Productivity (1976) (og80H2), (og80H1)
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~|-Area |Produc~|Productivity Class Production -
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~|(1000 | tivity|(1)*|~(2)*|~ (3)*|~ (4)*|~(1000
Ecosystem ~ ~|Acres)| ~ ~ ~ |(1000 acres--- ---- ----) AUMs)-
Grassland -
Mountain~ ~ ~|~26871| ~1661 | ~ 0| ~914| 20826| ~5131| 16597
Mtn. Meadow ~|~ 3285| ~2824 | ~ 0| 2090| ~1195| ~ ~ 0| ~ 822
Plains~ ~ ~ ~|175233| ~1016 | ~ 0| 1826| 80592| 92815| 54325
Prairie ~ ~ ~|~41185| ~3318 |1985| 9691| 29509| ~ ~ 0| 45350
Desert~ ~ ~ ~|~24744| ~ 307 | ~ 0| ~ ~0| ~ ~ 0| 24744| ~2998
Annual~ ~ ~ ~|~10153| ~2064 | ~ 0| 1987| ~5992| ~ 174| 10649
Wet land~ ~ ~|~ 4408| ~5139 |1317| 2459| ~ ~ 0| ~ 632| ~5425
Alpine~ ~ ~ ~|~ 6775| ~ 564 | ~ 0| ~ ~0| ~ 783| ~5992| ~ 216
Total (Grass)|292654| ~---- |3302|18967|138897|129488|136382
Shrub lands-
Sagebrush ~ ~|129961| ~1027 | ~ 0| ~ ~0| 61889| 68072| 24641
Desert~ ~ ~ ~|~81171| ~ 249 | ~ 0| ~ ~0| ~2908| 78263| ~2809
SW shrub-steppe|43218| ~488 | ~ 0| ~ ~0| ~ 790| 42614| ~3775
Shinnery~ ~ ~ |~4726| ~1870 | ~ 8| 1689| ~ 385| ~2644| ~1848
Texas Savanna |28429| ~2142 | ~ 0| 5502| 21610| ~1317| 16493
Chaparral-Mountain shrub #-
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~|~14120| ~1929 | ~ 0| 4207| ~6617| ~3296| ~1612
Pinon-juniper|#47304| ~ 385 | ~ 0| ~ ~0| ~ ~ 0| 47304| ~2393
Desert~ ~ ~ ~|~ 7490| ~ ~ 0 | ~ 0| ~ ~0| ~ ~ 0| ~7490| ~ ~ 0
Total (Shrub)|357683| ~---- | ~ 8|11398| 94199|251000| 53571
West. Forests ~ N.A.| ~ ~ ~ |~ ~ | ~ ~ |~ ~ ~ | ~ ~ ~| ~5213
East. Forests ~ N.A.| ~ ~ ~ |~ ~ | ~ ~ |~ ~ ~ | ~ ~ ~| 16820
Total (48 st)|650346| ~ ~ ~ |~ ~ | ~ ~ |~ ~ ~ | ~ ~ ~|211986
# can also be considered as forest land
*1) 5000+ lb/ acre/ year of herbage and browse
*2) 3000-4999 lb/ acre/ year
*3) 1000-2999 lb/ acre/ year
*4) 0- 999 lb/ acre/ year
[4] Grazed Lands - [4A] Global, [4B] U.S., [4C] Australia and Oceania, [4D] Latin America, [4E] Northern and Central Asia, [4F] Asian Sub-Continent
[4A] Grazing Lands - Global
Analysis of Regional- and Global Grazing-Land Use
(from Tables 17.1 and 18.3 of Ref. (og90W1)) (1986-1988 data)
Land area units -- 1000 km2 (Col. 2 and 3): Animal Number Units -- 1000 (Col. 4)
AU= N(COWS)+ .2* N(SHEEP and GOATS)+ 1.2*(N(EQUINE)+ N(CAMEL)+ N(BUFFALO))
Comments:
The average capacity of the world's grazing land is about 30 AU/ km2 based on the net primary productivity of the world's grasslands, so 59 AU/ km2 suggests significant over-grazing.Land Category ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | Area
An estimated 7 million km2 of forestland were permanently converted to grazing during past human history (og86V2). (la) Comments:
These converted lands are probably now all or mainly permanent (maintained) pastures rather than rangelands.
Cattle and other ruminant livestock (e.g. sheep, goats) graze 50% of the planet's total (ice-free?) land, i.e. about 66 million km2. Ruminants plus pigs and poultry also eat feed and fodder raised on 25% of the world's 14.7 million km2 of croplands (og91D1). (la)
About 50% of the Earth's (ice-free) land is grazed by domestic livestock (23% as "rangeland") while another 5% is farmed (cultivated) for food (grain and hay) for livestock. 20% of the Earth's land provides forage for ruminants and other animals (Ref. 23 of (og78B1)). (la)
23% of the Earth's ice-free land (30 million km2) is grazing land (Ref. 25 of (og81B1)). Comments: More recent data give a significantly larger area - see elsewhere in this document. (la) Comments: The term "grazing land" here may refer to just rangeland and not include pastures.
The global non-ice-covered land area is 130-133 million km2, of which 30-40 million km2 is grazing land (40 million are forested, 15 million km2 are cultivated). The remainder is desert, tundra, mountains, rocky areas, urban (developed) areas, lakes / rivers (2 million km2) and wetlands (2 million km2) (78B2?). Comments:
"Grazing land" here probably refers to both rangelands and permanent (managed) pastures.
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[4B] Grazed Lands - U.S.
The 11 Western US states own 46 million acres (186,000 km2) -- roughly 6% of the western US. About 36 million acres (nearly 80%) of these state-owned lands are used for livestock ranching ((og91J1) p. 478). (la)
Forest- and Range Land Grazed in the 48 Contiguous States, 1976 (og80H1) (Areas in Units of 1000 Acres)
Grazing-Related Land-Use in the US (og79C1) (la)
(Areas are in km2) ("%" means percent of the region):
The US Forest Service controls close to 144 million acres (583,000 km2) in the US West. 140 million are forest, and most of the rest are grasslands. 91 million of these 144 million acres are open to grazing with a grazing permit (og94O1). (la)
Livestock graze 70% of the land area of the US West (USGAO, 1988). (la)
48% of the 11 western US states, i.e. 361 million acres (1.46 million km2) are federally owned. The US FS and the BLM manage 320 million acres (1.30 million km2) (og94O1). (la)
Of the grazed 70% of the Western US, 58% is publicly owned land used for commercial livestock, i.e. 306 million acres (1.24 million km2) is public land used for private ranching. 35 million acres (142,000 km2) are grazed Indian reservation (og91J1). (la)
246 million acres (1 million km2) (63%) of USFS forestland are used for pastures for livestock (p. 50 of (og91J1)). (la)
The BLM (52 grazing districts) administers 150 million acres (607,000 km2) for grazing. The USFS administers 94 million acres (381,000 km2). The remaining 6 million acres of public grazing land are administered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the Military (og79F1). (la)
Out of 76 million acres (308,000 km2) of USFS- and BLM-administered lands in the Interior Columbia Basin of the US, 32 million acres of rangelands and 20 million acres of dry and moist forests are managed for livestock grazing (og97B3). (la)
The US Forest Service and the BLM together manage 320 million acres (1.30 million km2) of public land in the Western US (og02R2). Of this land, 258 million acres (81%) (1.04 million km2 ), are grazed by privately owned livestock (og02R2). (la)
Approximately 100,000 acres (405 km2) of US National Forest land in the eastern US, and some other non-Western federal lands, are commercially grazed ((og91J1) p. 21). (la)
800 million acres (3.24 million km2 ) (40% of the US land area) are used for grazing livestock, most of which is for household food consumption (og99B3).
In the US, 60 million acres (243,000 km2) are used to grow grain (+hay??) for feeding livestock (og99B3). (la)
Cattle graze on over 60 million acres (94,000 sq. mi.) of federal and state public lands in Arizona and New Mexico (og99W2). (la)
4.2 million km2 of land (in the US?) are used to feed US livestock forage and grain. Of this area, 3.8 million km2 are improved pasture and extensively managed forest-range (og80P1). (la) Comments: This might mean that 0.4 million km2 of cropland are used to produce grain for livestock.
Ref. (og80H1) gives forest- and rangeland area grazed in the 48 contiguous US states by state/ region. (la)
173,766,000 acres (0.704 million km2) of forestland grazed
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[4C] Grazing Lands - Australia and Oceania
Western Australia: 38% of land is used for pastoralism; 160,000 km2 -- 10% higher than around 1977 (og83C2). (la)
[4D] Grazing Lands - Latin America
50% of Central America is cattle pasture. 2/3 of Central America's arable land is devoted to cattle production (p. 356 of (og91J1)). (la)
Since 1970 (the 1960s according to (og90W1)), Latin Americans have converted more that 200,000 km2 of moist tropical forest to cattle pasture (100,000 in Brazilian Amazon, 15000 in Colombian Amazon, 5000 in Peru). These pastures are productive for less than 10 years when weed invasions and P deficiencies limit forage growth (og91D1) (og90W1). (la) (See Section (4-A)[7] )
[4E] Grazing Lands - Northern and Central Asia
Kazakhstan (total land area = 2.75 million km2) 82% (2.26 million km2) is used for grazing animals. (1.97 million km2
is used for agriculture -- 99.7% of the land characterized as arable, plus 78% of all other land) (og93M1). (la)
Areas of forage reserves in Russia (og03S1) (la)
Natural Zone~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ |Area (km2)
Tundra and forest tundra~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | ~2,000
Forests of European Russia~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ |122,000
Forests of Siberia and Far East Russia~ ~ ~ |124,000
Forest-steppe and steppe of European Russia |200,000
Forest-steppe and steppe of Siberia ~ ~ ~ ~ |138,000
Semi-desert @ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 94,000
Mountain areas~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ |219,000
Total ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ |899,000
@ probably semi-arid or arid lands
[4F] Grazing Lands - Asian Sub-Continent
India's 196 million cattle have 120,000 km2 of permanent pasture (humid or semi-humid?) (1633 AU/km2) (og91D1). (la)
[5] Riparian Areas
Riparian- and stream ecosystems
represent 0.5-1.0% of the surface area of arid lands in the 11 western US states ((og90C1) in Ref. (og99B1)). (la)
The USFS manages 144 million acres (583,000 km2) of uplands and 2.2 million acres (8907 km2) of riparian areas (og94B2). (la)
The BLM manages 176 million acres (713,000 km2) of upland and 1.0 million acres (4050 km2) of riparian areas (og94B2). (la)
Riparian area and associated waterways cover 3 million acres (under 1%) of western public lands. In the US as a whole, riparian areas cover fewer than 5% of the land (p. 94 of (og91J1)). (la)
Conversions of Original Grasslands ((og00W1), p. 123) (la)
Region~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~|Remaining|To ~ |To
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | Grass|Crop~|Urban
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | -Land|Land |Areas
Tallgrass Prairie (US)~ | ~9.4%|71.2%|18.7%
Cerrado Woodland/Savanna| 21.0 |71.0 | 5.0%
(Brazil/ Paraguay/ Bolivia)
Daurian Steppe~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 71.7 |19.9 | 1.5%
(Mongolia/ Russia/ China)
Central/East. Mopane and| 73.3 |19.1 | 0.4%
Miombo Woodlands (Tanzania/ Rwanda/ Burundi/ Dem. Rep./ Congo/ Zambia/ Mozambique)
SW Australia shrublands | 56.7 |37.2 | 1.8%
and woodlands
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(5-B) - RANGELANDS - [1] Global, [2] Australia and Oceania, [3] Latin America, [4] U.S.
[1] Global
Of the world's rangelands, (88% of the global drylands area): (la)
Comments: Compare very severely degraded rangelands (0.72 million km2) to extremely degraded soils (90,000 km2). Also compare severely degraded rangeland (19.84 million km2) to severely degraded soil lands (3 million km2).
Comments: Note that total rangeland in the above tabulation is 12.23 + 12.67 + 19.84 +0.72 = 45.46 million km2 -- significantly higher that the commonly accepted global rangeland area of 33 million km2.
85% of the world's "dry" land area of 51 million km2 is rangeland (43.3 million km2 ), (se97C1). (See Section (5-A)[2]).
A quarter of the world's land is used for grazing, and extensive pasture provides 30% of total beef production and 23% for mutton (og96F1) (og03S2). Comments:
The world's ice-free land area is about 132 million km2, suggesting that land used for grazing is 33 million km2. This seems small and obsolete. Perhaps "world's land" here includes ice-covered land (149 million km2 total area).
Rangeland consists mainly of land that is unable to support crop production and accounts for 20% of the world's land surface -- twice as much as the land area used for crops (og02E1). Comments: Land unable to support crop production may be too arid or too sloped. Comments: The world's ice-free land area is about 132 million km2 and 20% of that is only 26 million km2. Grazing land area, globally, is at least 35 million km2 and probably much larger, so the 20% figure should really be at least 30%.
Global Inventory of Ice-Free Land Converted to Agriculture
Croplands and "managed" pastures total 33 million km2
[(se00W1), p. 24].
Comments: Apparently "managed pastures" excludes rangeland, since total grazing land includes about 32 million km2. The above numbers come from satellite data and the PAGE analysis ((se00W1), p. 52).
Comments: Since Croplands + "Managed" pastures total 33 million, and Cropland area is about 15 million km2 this appears to indicate an inventory of "Managed Pasture" of 18 million km2
.
Land area in agriculture based on national production statistics: 48.5 million km2 [FAO (se00F1)].
Comments: Apparently here the FAO counts all permanent pasture -- including rangeland. (la)
Comments: Since cropland area is about 15 million km2 , managed pastures + rangeland must be (48.5 - 15) = 33.5 million km2
. So rangeland must total (33.5 - 18) = 15.5 million km2 .
[2] Australia and Oceania
Australia's rangelands
cover 75% or 5.70 million km2 of Australia (og01F1) (og02C1). (la)
About 4.06 million km2 of Australia's rangeland are used for grazing, with stock density running as low as one cow per km2
(og01F1) (og02C1). Comments: This is about the same as in the most arid grazing lands of the US (2-3 cows/ mile2). (la)
[3] Latin America
Mexico's rangeland covers 900,000 km2, which includes 13% (740,000 km2) of Latin America's permanent pasture. Nearly 80% of these rangelands are dry grasslands, shrub-lands and savannas, primarily in north- and central Mexico (Ref. 97 and 98 of (og90W1)). (la)
70% (5 million km2) of Latin American rangeland is natural grassland, woodlands, and savanna where tree cover is limited by drought, fire, flooding and poor soil includes the cerrados of central Brazil. This includes the llanos of the Orinoco River basin, the Chaco of Argentina and Paraguay, the Matorral of Chile and Peru, and the dry regions of north-central Mexico.
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[4] U.S.
Half of US rangeland is considered severely degraded, with its livestock-carrying capacity reduced by at least 50% (Ref. 26 of Ref. (og95D1)). (la)
Ranching- and Land Ownership statistics for public-lands ranching in 11 western states (p. 568, (og91J1)) (1986-87 USDA, USDI data) (Areas are in millions of acres.)
Category~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~|Area |% of West
Administered by BLM ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~| 177 | 24%
as BLM land used for ranching ~ ~ ~| 163 | 92%
ranched on BLM land ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~| 163 | 22%
Administered by USFS~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~| 141 | 19%
USFS land used for ranching ~ ~ ~ ~| ~97 | 69%
ranched on USFS land~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~| ~97 | 13%
Administered by BLM and USFS~ ~ ~ ~| 318 | 42%
BLM and USFS land ranched ~ ~ ~ ~ ~| 260 | 82%
ranched on BLM and USFS land~ ~ ~ ~| 260 | 35%
ranched on other federal lands~ ~ ~| ~ 5 | ~1%
that is federal land~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~| 360 | 48%
as federal land ranched ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~| 265 | 74%
ranched on state land ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~| ~35 | ~5%
ranched on county/city/misc. govt.land|5 | ~1%
publicly owned~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~| 418 | 56%
publicly owned land ranched ~ ~ ~ ~| 306 | 73%
ranched on publicly owned land~ ~ ~| 306 | 41%
ranched on Indian reservation land~| ~35 | ~5%
privately owned ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~| 295 | 39%
not-ranched private land~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~| 106 | 14%
ranched on private land ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~| 184 | 25%
ranched ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~| 525 | 70%
that is ranched that is public land| 306 | 58%
Total land area of 11 western states|750 | ---
The US Forest Service and the BLM administer 85% of Western public ranchland -- 260 million acres (406,000 sq. miles). Of this 85%, the BLM administers 63% (163 million acres -- 255,000 sq. miles). The USFS administers 37% (97 million acres -- 152,000 sq. miles) ((og91J1) p. 21). (la)
US Range Land Ownership (in millions of acres) (og80H1) (la)
Total classed as rangeland (incl. Alaska) 820. (3.32 million km2)
(natural grasslands, savannas, shrub land, most deserts, tundra, coastal marshes and wet meadows).
Comments:
In general, the more arid lands (e.g. shrub-lands) are more readily degraded than less-arid lands (e.g. grasslands)Source: US Dept. of Agriculture, The Western Range, 1936
Does not include dense forest, barren or inaccessible areas, or areas from which livestock grazing is excluded, such as national parks, military reservations and municipal reservoir sites.
US (48 states) Range Land by Ecosystem and Productivity as of 1976 (og80H2), (og80H1) (la)
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(5-C) - PERMANENT (Managed) PASTURES
In Section (5-B) above a global area of managed pasture of 18 million km2 is computed from other data. Another figure computed is 7.6 million km2 . The smaller of these two figures seems more plausible.
Comments: "Managed" or "Permanent" pasture is normally pasture for livestock in semi-humid or humid regions, as opposed to rangelands which are typically in semi-arid or even arid regions. Rangeland on semi-arid land is roughly only a tenth as productive per unit area as managed pasture. The reason why "managed" pasture is not used for croplands is often because the slope of the land is too large.
Area in India in permanent pastures (humid and semi-humid) and other grazing lands (rangelands?): 122,000 km2 (og91J2). (la)
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