CHAPTER 11 ~ APPENDICES ~
Edition 9 of March 2010 (
Updated October, 2010)

~ TABLE OF CONTENTS ~

(11-A) ~ Conversion Factors ~ Precise ~ [A1]~Lengths, [A2]~Areas, [A3]~Volumes, [A4]~Weights,
(11-B) ~
Conversion Factors ~ Imprecise ~
(11-C) ~
Densities ~
(11-D) ~
Definitions of Terminology ~
(11-E) ~
Organizations and Information Sources on Soil Loss Issues ~
(11-F) ~
Databases ~

NOTE: The notation (su1) means that the data is used in the document analyzing the sustainability of the productivity of the world's food, fiber and water supply systems. (See elsewhere in this website.)
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SECTION (11-A) ~ Conversion Factors ~ Precise ~

Part [A1] ~ Conversion Factors ~ Lengths: ~

1 inch | 2.54 cm.
1 foot | 0.3048 meter (m)
1 mile | 1.6091 km. (1 km.= 0.6215 mile)

Part [A2] ~ Conversion Factors ~ Areas: ~

2.47 acres | 1.0 hectare (ha.) (100 ha. = 1.0 km2)
247. acres | 1.0 km2

640. acres | 1.0 mile2
1.0 mile2~ | 2.59 km2 = 259 ha.

Part [A3] ~ Conversion Factors ~ Volumes ~

1.0 acre-foot | 1234 cubic meters (m3).
1.0 cubic yard| 0.7646 m3

Part [A4] ~ Conversion Factors ~ Weights ~

1.102 English ton (ton) = 1.0 metric ton (tonne) (t.)
- - - - (1 long ton = 1.016 tonne) (1 short ton (2000 lb.)= 0.907 tonne)
1.0 Gt. (giga-tonne) = 1 billion tonnes
1.0 lb. = 0.453 kg.
1.0 kg. = 2.204 lb.

SECTION (11-B) ~ Conversion Factors ~ Imprecise ~

Part [B1] ~Converting Natural Gas to Fertilizer:
Synthesis of a ton of anhydrous ammonia requires 30,000 ft3 of natural gas (76J1).

Production of one ton of nitrogen fertilizer requires the energy equivalent of 7 barrels of oil (82B1).
Converting Normal Weight of Grain to Dry Weight:

Water content of harvested grain = 20% (86V1).
Converting Corn Volumes to Weight of Edible Substance:

40 bushels of corn = 1 tonne of edible substance.

Part [B2] ~Conversion of Grain to Meat via Livestock Intermediaries:
Animal- - - - - - -|Grain| Grain
- - - - - - - - - -|meat | meat(Live wt.)
Cattle in Feed-Lots| 7.5 | 7.0?? (all kg/ kg.)
Pigs ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 3.25| 4.
Chickens ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 2.25| 2.
Rainbow Trout~ ~ ~ | 1.5 | 2.
Cheese ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | - - | 3.
Eggs ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | - - | 2.6
References ~ ~ ~ ~ |(85B4)| Ref. 8 of (94B4)

Comments: In the Review of Grazing Land Degradation, the ratio of meat to live weight is a lot smaller than that implied above ~ and that number is far more plausible.

Part [B3] ~ Conversion of Meat production to human consumption of protein from livestock ~
Human consumption of protein from livestock is 1/3 of meat production (by weight, global average). Comments: Interpretation of this statement is unclear.
World consumption of protein from livestock (kg./ capita/ year):

SECTION (11-C) ~ Densities ~

durum wheat: 1.0 tonne = 36.74 bushels (Wall Street Journal, 4/26/99)
Topsoil: 150 tons/ acre-inch (136 tonnes/ acre-inch) (81U1)
Topsoil: 165 tons/ acre-inch (150 tonnes/ acre-inch) (80C2)
Topsoil: 370 tons/ ha.- inch (337 tonnes/ ha.-inch) (81U1)
Topsoil: 37000 tons/ km2-inch"(33,700 tonnes) (81U1)
Topsoil: 11200 tons/ km2-cm. (94K3)
Comments: Ref. (94K3) figure seems low ~ perhaps it is really 11200 tonnes, but even then it is lower than the other figures.
If topsoil weighs 150 tons/ acre-inch = 150 x 12= 1800 tons/ acre-ft., 1.0 m3 of topsoil weighs 1800/1234 = 1.459 tons/ m3 = 1.326 tonnes/ m3 = 1.326 grams/ cm3.

Loam weighs 80-95 lb./ ft3. Clay is slightly heavier. A density of 85 lb./ ft.3 is equivalent to 1360 kg./ m3 or 1.36 grams/ cm3 (information from U.S. Soil Conservation Service).

Some 165 lb. of eroded material is equivalent to the removal of one ft3 of surface rock with a specific gravity of 2.64 g/cc. (64J1). Average density of rock = 2.65 grams/ cc. = 2650 kg./ m3 = 2.65 tonnes/ m3 (68H1).

The volume-weight of submerged sediments is about 60 lb/ ft3, or 1300 tons / acre-ft. (68H1) or 1300/1234 = 1.053 tons/ m3 = 0.958 tonnes/ m3 = 0.96 tonne/ m3. Comments: This is equivalent to 0.96 grams/ cm3. To get actual weight add the density of water (1.00 grams/ cm3) to get 1.96 grams/ cm3 (1.96 tonnes/ m3). This seems reasonable, since the density of bedrock is 2.64 grams/ cm3 (64J1).

NOTE: This document occasionally gives numbers in several units (especially when giving US data). However the preferred units are metric tons (tonnes or t.), giga-tonnes (Gt.), meters (m.) and kilometers (km.) since only a few of the world's 190+ nations persist in using cumbersome English units.

You will note a confusing mixture of metric tons (t.) (Tonnes) and English tons (tons) throughout this document. The unit given here are those in the original reference in most cases. However in some instances the original reference is clearly in error (seen by comparing to other references citing the same data). In these cases, an effort was made here to correct the error. Many information sources are simply sloppy about distinguishing English tons and metric tons (usually calling metric tons by the word "ton" ~ the proper term for English ton), so you should beware of this possibility of a 10% error in the data.

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SECTION (11-D) ~ Definitions of Terminology ~

"A" Horizon: roughly the topsoil (the top layer where the bulk of the organic matter is found). It is usually the most productive soil layer.
Allochthonous Origin: From outside the riverine system, as opposed to autochthonous origin.
Alluvium: Material transported from one area to another by water.
Anthropogenic: Man-caused.
Arable: An adjective describing land capable of being plowed and used as cropland.
Arid: An adjective referring to land receiving 10-25 cm/ year of rainfall (See "Semi-arid").
Autochthonous Origin: From inside the riverine system (e.g. algae and aquatic organisms) (83T1) indigenous, native; In-situ aquatic production sources of sediment in a water body (86I1); Formed from cellular constituents and exudates of indigenous aquatic organisms (75J1).

Bed Load: Sediment that is moved along a riverbed by rolling, sliding or skipping within a few grain diameters of the river bed (90M1).
Boreal: Of, related to, or growing in northern- and mountainous parts of the northern hemisphere.

Calcareous: An adjective describing material containing calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Catchment: A small dam used mainly to catch sediments.
cfs: cubic feet/ second.
CGIAR: Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research; a network of agricultural research centers with offices in Washington DC (93H3).

Desertification: The process of removal of the soil from a region so that precipitation quickly evaporates or runs into underground aquifers, giving the region the appearance and characteristics of a desert, even though precipitation levels would suggest a non-desert; the creation of a "well-rained-upon desert".
Desertification: The diminution or destruction of the biological potential of land that can lead to desert-like conditions (definition of UNCOD) (85D2) (Dregne's definition is given on p. 19 of Reference (85D2).).

Edaphic: Soil-related (as opposed to climate-related (See BioScience 36(1) (1986) p. 24).
EEA: European Environment Agency.
Endoreic Runoff: Surface (or ground-?) water that runs off the land into water bodies not connected to oceans (e.g. Great Salt Lake, Caspian Sea, Lake Chad).
Eolian: Born, deposited, or eroded by wind.
"Excess" Soil Erosion: The amount of topsoil eroded in excess of natural topsoil-building rates (usually taken to be 5 tons/ acre/ year). For example, if the gross rate of topsoil erosion were 16 tons/ acre/ year, the "excess" rate would be 16-5 = 11 tons/ acre/ year.
Exoreic Runoff: Surface (or ground-?) water that runs off the land into the oceans, rather than into inland water bodies not connected to the ocean. e. g. Great Salt Lake.

Fallow: Cropland left unplanted to allow time for fertility to be restored, or for soil moisture to be restored (in arid climates). Land in fallow is often completely bare, subjecting it to accelerated water- and wind erosion.
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization (part of United Nations). (See Section (11-E)).
Fluvial: Of, related to, or living in streams; material produced by stream action.
Fulvic Acids (FA): The fraction of organic matter that remains dissolved in solution after sequential extraction of the sample with alkali and then acid; a highly oxidized, biologically stable, water soluble, naturally occurring complexing agent that can complex di- and trivalent metal ions and hydroxylated metal compounds, and that can interact with clay minerals. One of the degradation products (along with humic acid and "humic materials") of biomass that eventually makes up part of the organic matter in soils.

GAO: General Accounting Office.
Gt.: Giga-tonne (billion tonnes) (1015 grams) (Gt. C means giga-tonnes of carbon).
GLASOD: Global Assessment of Soil Degradation.
Gully Erosion: Removal of soil by running water with the formation of channels too deep to be smoothed out completely by cultivation.

ha. (hectare): The internationally accepted unit of land area.
1.0 ha. = 2.47 acres; (100 ha. = 1 km2); (259 ha. = 1.0 mile2).
Humic Acids (HA): The fraction of organic matter that remains dissolved in solution after extraction with alkali, but that precipitates from solution upon further extraction with acid; that humic fraction that is soluble in dilute base, but is coagulated by acidification of the alkaline extract. In aqueous solutions HA is normally insoluble at pH less than 6.5. One of the degradation products (along with fulvic acid and "humic materials") of biomass that eventually makes up part of the organic matter in soils.
Humins: The fraction of organic matter that is insoluble in either alkali or acid (87W2).
Humus: Dark-colored, colloidal organic material found in soils (81H1).
Hyper-arid Region: Lands receiving less than 10 cm. of rainfall annually (85D2).
Hyporheic water: water moving underground (See Science 266 (1994) p. 753).

ICOLD: International Commission on Large Dams.
IFPRI: International Food Policy Research Institute.

IHD: International Hydraulic Decade.
IIED: International Institute for Environment and Development (See www.iied.org).
I. P. M.: Integrated Pest Management (replaces 100% reliance on pesticides with reliance on a broad range of pest-management strategies).
I. R. R. I.: International Rice Research Institute (They develop genetically improved rice).
ISRIC: International Soil Reference and Information Centre.

Km.: kilometer ~ a metric measure of distance.
1.0 km. = 1000 meters; 1.6091 km. = 1.0 mile; 2.59 km2 = 1.0 mile2; 247 acres = 1 km2

Ladang: Shifting cultivation (Tropical soils often can't tolerate annual cultivation, so farmers crop them several years (or graze them for 5-10 years) and then abandon them for 20-30 years to allow fertility to return.). ((56G1), p. 338).
Laterite: Iron-rich, humus-poor soil material that hardens on repeated wetting and drying (75S1).
Legume: a plant capable of converting nitrogen from the atmosphere into a soluble form such as a nitrate that plants are capable of absorbing as a nutrient. (Plants can't use nitrogen from the atmosphere as a nutrient directly.).
Loess: Material transported from one area to another by wind (frequently very low in organic matter).

OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Order of Magnitude: a factor of ten, without high accuracy.

Phytomass: plant mass.
Precipitation: rainfall or the equivalent amount of snowfall: Over the long term, precipitation = runoff + transpiration.

RFF: Resources for the Future (See RFF01 in Chapter 11).
Rill Erosion: Removal of soil by running water with the formation of shallow channels that can be smoothed out completely by cultivation (Bauer, 1952) (57S1).
Runoff: Water that leaves the land by running off of it via the land surface and/ or via an underground aquifer. Runoff = Precipitation - Transpiration.

Savanna: a grassland with scattered brush and small trees, often caused by insufficient rainfall for growing trees, or by a water table that is so high that most trees cannot survive.
SCS: United States Soil Conservation Service (founded in 1935).
Semi-arid Region: Lands receiving 25-50 cm. of rainfall annually (85D2).
Sheet Erosion: Removal of a fairly uniform layer of soil or material from the land surface by the action of rainfall and runoff (Bauer, 1952) (57S1).
Steppe: a vast, level, treeless tract in southeastern Europe or Asia; arid land with xerophilous vegetation found usually in regions of extreme temperature range and loess (wind-deposited) soil.
Strip Cropping: Where fallowing leaves soil vulnerable to wind erosion, fields are plowed in strips. Alternate strips are cropped and fallowed, with the cropped strips serving as wind breaks for the fallowed strips. (Strip cropping permitted wheat production to continue in the Great Plains of the US after the Dust Bowl.).
Sub-Humid Land: Lands receiving 50-75 cm. of rainfall annually (85D2).

Till: Material transported from one area to another by glacial ice ~ often described as "glacial till".
Tilth: The physical condition of soil in relation to its ease of tillage, fitness as a seedbed, and impedance to seedling emergence and root penetration (Ref. 7 of (79U1)). (Difficult to measure because tilth cannot be represented by a single number or index). Reduced soil organic carbon and soil compaction reduces tilth.
Tonne: (often abbreviated as "t.") a metric ton;
1.0 tonne = 1000 kg.; ( 1.0 tonne = 1.1 English tons = 2204 lbs.).
1 long ton = 1.016 metric tons; (1 short ton (2000 lb.) = 0.907 tonne).
Transpiration (noun): water that leaves the land or its vegetation by evaporation into the air. Over the long term, transpiration = precipitation - runoff: (adjective) evaporational.
Tundra: Marshy plain.

UNCOD: United Nations Conference on Desertification (held in 1977) (85D2).
UNEP: United Nations Environmental Program (a sponsor of studies on global environmental problems such as soil erosion, deforestation, over-grazing, etc.).
USGS: United States Geological Survey (See USGS1 in Section (11-E)).
USLE: Universal Soil Loss Equation (an empirical correlation used to predict the rate of topsoil loss based on slope, rainfall, soil type, cropping practice, etc.) (It was developed based on a large body of soil-loss-rate data on small experimental watersheds with an average length of 22.1 meters (89N1).).

WRI: World Resources Institute.

Xerophilous: low or deficient in available moisture for support of life.

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SECTION (11-E) ~ Organizations and Information Sources on Soil Loss ~

NOTE: the 5-character identifier for each organization is that used in the text of this document to identify the organization.

AFT01 American Farmlands Trust, 1717 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 601, Washington DC 20036.
ALF01 American Land Forum, 1025 Vermont Avenue NW, Washington DC 20005.
ASAE1 American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659.
EPA01 Environmental Protection Agency, Press Office, Room 329, West Tower, A-107, 401 M Street SW, Washington DC 20460.
ERSDA Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1301 New York Avenue NW, Washington DC 20005-4788.
ESCS1 USDA Economic Statistics and Cooperative Services Publications, USDA, Washington DC 20250.
FAO01 Food and Agriculture Organization (part of United Nations). Obtain a list of publications from UNIPUB, 4611-F Assembly Drive, Lanham, MD 20706-4391.
A good introductory text on food supply data and supply projections is World Agriculture: Towards 2010 put out by the FAO (http://www.fao.org/catalog/book_review/giii/a2010-e.htm ) Unfortunately the price is about $145 for this 1995 book of about 500 pages. (Note: Out of Date: See . . .Toward 2030) The authors conclude that global food production will continue to outpace population growth (as it has since reliable data was first amassed), but that many low-income and resource-poor countries will continue to have serious problems feeding their populations. In short, the question remains not one of gross global food production, but of making sure there are incentives to grow more food in a sustainable manner (i.e. one that makes environmental sense) and distributing it in a sustainable manner (i.e. in a manner that makes long-term economic sense).
Humic Acid A book is now available on humic acid ~ its genesis, isolation, relation between Organic Matter, SOM, NOM, DOM, DOC, Humic Acids and Fulvic Acids, and the issue of Humic Substances being artificial versus true substances, present in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Examine their chemistry, properties, and their effect on soil-, environmental-, plant-, and human-health, and their vital role in the environment, agriculture, industry, medicine and pharmacy, and more in: Kim H. Tan, Humic Matter in Soil and the Environment , Principles and Controversies. Dekker Inc, 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 (2003). Order from Dekker Inc at 1-800-228-1160 or bookorders@dekker.com (Kim H. Tan khtan@negia.net ).
FPP01 Food Products Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton NY 13904-1580 (1-800-HAWORTH) (Publishes Journal of Sustainable Agriculture (1989).
IFPRI ~ International Food Policy Research Institute, 2033 K Street NW, Washington DC 2006-1002. Tel.1-202-862-5600 Email IFPRI@cgiar.org Web: www.ifpri.org See their 8-page document "The World Food Situation: An Overview" by Joachim von Braun (prepared for the CGIAR Annual General Meeting in Marrakech, Morocco on 12/6/05) http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/agm05/jvb/jvbagm2005.pdf
IIED International Institute for Environment and Development (See www.iied.org/pubs)
IWLA1 Izaak Walton League of America, 707 Conservation Lane, Gaithersburg, MD 20878-2983 (319-382-2947) (1994).
NWAF1 Northwest Area Foundation, 332 Minnesota Street Suite E-1201, St. Paul, MN 55101-1373 (612-225-3864 or 612-224-9635) (1994).
PEB01 Population-Environment Balance, 1325 G Street NW, Suite 1003, Washington DC 20005 (202-879-3000).
RFF01 Resources for the Future, Washington DC 20036.
SCS01 US Soil Conservation Service.
SWCS1 Soil and Water Conservation Society, 7515 N. E. Ankeny Road, Ankeny IA 50021-9764 (Publishes Journal of Soil and Water Conservation ~ 6 issues per year).
TCF01 The Conservation Foundation, 1255 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20037.
TURNF Turner Foundation, Inc., P.O. Box 550026, Atlanta GA 30355 (404-681-9900) Founded in 1990 to support non-profit organizations in their work to preserve the Earth and its elements. It supports activities that draw attention to the issue of the human carrying-capacity of the Earth.
USDA1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington DC.
USGAO U.S. General Accounting Office, P.O. Box 1020, Washington DC 20013.
USGPO U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC 20402.
USGS1 U.S. Geological Survey, Box 25286, Denver CO 80225 (Ask for their latest monthly report "New Publications of the US Geological Survey". Subscriptions are free to people who order USGS publications.
WBANK World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433. They publish an annual "World Development Report" full of useful statistics and summaries.
World Bank, using FAOSTAT data, has assembled a large website of useful data (all tables, graphs, charts) relevant to global food supplies (45 pages of pdf files). Go to http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/essdext.nsf/11DocByUnid/D72870FC547295F885256BE6005BBF48/$FILE/IFPRItables.pdf (or do a Google search on "per capita cereal production and annual growth rates 1967-1997").
WRI01 World Resources Institute, 1709 New York Avenue NW, Washington DC 20006. They publish numerous books on natural resource issues.
WWINS Worldwatch Institute, 1776 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036 (202-452-1999; fax 202-296-7365. They publish numerous books and reports on carrying-capacity issues.

SECTION (11-F) ~ Databases ~

World Resources 2005 (4 pages) See http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/agriculture.
A huge table by region and by nations of:
~ ~ ~ Agricultural land area in 2002.
~ ~ ~ Irrigated cropland as a % of total in 2002.
~ ~ ~ Organic cropland as a % of total in 2003.
~ ~ ~ Workers per ha. In 2001.
~ ~ ~ Fertilizer (kg/ ha).
~ ~ ~ Mechanization (tractors per 1000 ha.) in 2001.
~ ~ ~ Water Withdrawals (m3/ha) (2000).
~ ~ ~ Per-capita food production index (1999-2001 = 100%) in 1983 and 2003.
~ ~ ~ Cereals received as food aid in 1000 of tonnes in 2002.
~ ~ ~ Net cereal imports as a percentage of consumption 2002.
~ ~ ~ Cereal fed to Livestock as a % of total consumption in 2003.
~ ~ ~ Calorie supply per capita (kcal/ person/ day) in 2002.
~ ~ ~ Share of calorie supply from animal products (%) in 2002.

The Land and Water Development Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has a number of huge and very useful databases that are available through its website http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/countries/index.htm It expands on the information on the review of soils and croplands degradation on this website.

The Food and Agriculture Table in World Resources 2005

The 2005 WRI World Resources volume has a link leading to a datasheet on food and agriculture statistics. The total volume is at http://pdf.wri.org/wrr05_full.pdf

"The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2006," by the Agricultural and Development Economics of the FAO, 2006 has a lot of food supply-related data at ftp//ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0750e/a0750e01.pdf The large data tables are at a0750e04.pdf (162 KB). The full report can also be downloaded (1024 KB)

The FAO website http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/infosystems/index.stm provides links to other information systems, databases and spatial datasets related to the field of water resources and agriculture.

The FAO website http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/dbase/index.stm provides information on water and agriculture by country

The FAO website http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/sediment/index.asp gives a huge database of global river sediment yields in worldwide rivers and reservoirs.

The book "Dirt: The Erosion of Civilization," by David R. Montgomery (2007) (295 pages, 6x9", 10 b/w photos, 13 line illustrations, 5 maps) contains a lot of useful information on soils issues -also a lot of historical context.

The FAOSTAT Database:
A massive compilation of data on issues related to agriculture, forest management, grazing lands, fisheries and other related issues can be accessed by visiting
http://apps.fao.org. Access to the FAOSTAT database itself costs about $1200/ year for residents of developed countries. (Access is free to residents of developing nations.) (Could not be reached on 2/8/07)

The AQUASTAT Databases:
The Land and Water Development Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has a number of huge and very useful databases that are available through its website. Start by going to
http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/countries/index.htm It gives you a drop-down list of 138 countries and regions that you can chose from. (Some are in Spanish and some are in French, though most are in English.). Once you have downloaded the country or region of interest you will see a map of the country or region, followed by text and tabular information on the country. Below are some examples of the sorts of information that you can obtain from this database.

Land area// the capital// the total cultivated area// the cultivated area under permanent crops// the cultivated area under annual crops// the size of the average farm// the population// population growth rate// population density// the fraction of the GDP that is derived from agriculture and livestock// the percent of the population that is employed in agriculture// the climate// average rainfall// the magnitude of the groundwater resources// the percent of the groundwater resource that returns to the sea as base flow to the rivers// the rate of groundwater abstraction// the magnitude of the invasion of saltwater into the groundwater tables// the magnitude of subsidence problems that result from excessive abstraction of ground water// the magnitude of the annual renewable water resources// the magnitude of the problem of river water contamination by raw sewage// the number and capacity of dams and reservoirs// gross hydropower potential// water usage by agriculture, industrial and domestic users// the land area under irrigation// the irrigation potential// trends in poverty// area of tidal and non-tidal swampland// trends in food self-sufficiency// the magnitude of flooding problems// and other data.

Another useful database found on the FAO website is at http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/infosystems/index.stm It provides links to other information systems, databases and spatial datasets related to the field of water resources and agriculture.

Another useful database found on the FAO website is at http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/dbase/index.stm This database provides information on water and agriculture by country in the following categories: Land use and population// Climate and water resources// Water use by sector and by source// irrigation and drainage development, and// Environment and health. This AQUASTAT database can be queried on-line, and the query results can be downloaded in CSV format.

Another useful database found on the FAO website is at http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/sediment/index.asp This gives you a huge database of global river sediment yields in worldwide rivers and reservoirs. It is searchable by river, country and continent.

Most IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute) publications can be downloaded for free at http://www.ifpri.org/

Data on sugar production, prices, etc. are available from http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/sugar/Data/data.htm/

World Resources 2005 ~
Food and Agriculture Table in World Resources 2005

The 2005 WRI World Resources volume focuses on "The Wealth of the Poor: Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty Ecosystems." The link leads to a datasheet on food and agriculture statistics but the total volume is available at http://pdf.wri.org/wrr05_full.pdf (9/14/05).

The following data is tabulated on a country-, regional and global basis in FAO's "World Resources 2005" (14.6 MB) available at http://pdf.wri.org/wrr05_full.pdf (This is also in this website's irrigation literature review)

- - - Agricultural (cropland) land area in 2002 (in thousands of ha.)
- - - Irrigated cropland area as a percent of total (cropland?) in 2002
- - - Organic cropland as a percent of the total (cropland?) in 2003
- - - Agricultural Labor intensity (workers per ha.) in 2001
- - - Tractors per 1000 ha. in 2001
- - - Fertilizer Consumption (kg./ ha.) in 2001
- - - Water withdrawals (m3/ ha.) in 2000
- - - Per-capita food production index (1983 and 2003 relative to 2000)
- - - Cereal received as food aid from foreign nations in thousands of metric tonnes in 2002
- - - Net cereal imports as a percent of total cereal consumption in 2002
- - - Cereal fed to livestock as a percent of total (cereal) consumption in 2003
- - - Calorie Supply per capita (kilocalories/ person/ day) in 2002
- - - Share of food calorie supply from animal products in 2002

Percent of Global Workforce Employed in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry in 2001 (FAO (2004) pp. 169-174 Table A4): (See World Resources 2005, World Resources Institute, (2005) p.10 http://pdf.wri.org/wrr05_full.pdf (14.6 MB, 228 pp.)). (The table there covers only a few dozen nations.)

http://www.nal.usda.gov Contact: Len Carey (301-504-6778), Yvette Alonso (301-504-7374) (Len Carey, Public Affairs Officer, National Agricultural Library

Redesigned National Agricultural Library Web site brings fresh look and swift access

BELTSVILLE, MD, 12/1/05 ~ The National Agricultural Library (NAL) has launched its redesigned Web site (http://www.nal.usda.gov) as a gateway connecting users swiftly with the services of NAL and with the billions of pages of agricultural information within NAL collections and information resources. NAL is part of the Agricultural Research Service, the US Department of Agriculture's chief scientific research agency.

2005 World Population Data Sheet of the Population Reference Bureau http://www.prb.org/pdf05/05WorldDataSheet_Eng.pdf (304 KB) tabulates

Area of Country or region in Square Miles by country and by region.

Population Density in people per Square Mile by country and by region.

06WorldDataSheet.pdf (756 KB) (13 pages) from http://www.prb,org/pdf06/06WorldDataSheet.pdf tabulates: Countries with the highest share of their surface area protected (from urban development, agriculture, logging, grazing, mining, road-building), e.g. as national parks and local parks.

Jacob Skoet, Kostas Stamoulis, "The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2006," Agricultural and Development Economics of the FAO, 2006. (ftp//ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0750e/a0750e01.pdf) (The large data tables are at a0750e04.pdf (162 KB). The full report can also be downloaded (1024 KB)

This document contains large tables that provide numerical data on the following issues. It is tabulated by nation and regions.

Visit http://population.wri.org/worldresources2005-pub-4073.html

http://population.wri.org/pubs_pdf.cfm?PubID=4073 permits you to download a .pdf file of the entire document (264 pages, 15 MB) (See E:\sustainability\wrr05_full.pdf)

NOTE: The page numbers given below are those you ask the .pdf software to take you to.
The actual page numbers printed on the document's pages are significantly different.

WORLD RESOURCES 2005 Data Tables (Introduction to tables) (p.148-149).

Tables ~ Population and Education (p.153-156)
~ ~ ~ Total Population Estimates and Projections (1980, 2005, 2030)
~ ~ ~ Estimated Total Fertility Rates (2000-2005)
~ ~ ~ Estimated Literacy Rate (2004) (Adults over age 15 and Youths aged 15-24)
~ ~ ~ Net School Enrollment (%) (2001-2002) (Primary and Secondary)
~ ~ ~ (For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/population)

Tables ~ Human Health (p.157-160)
~ ~ ~ Life Expectancy at Birth (Years) (1980-1985) (2000-2005)
~ ~ ~ Use of Improved Water Source (% of Population) (2002) (Urban and Rural)
~ ~ ~ Use of Improved Sanitation (% of population) (2002) (Urban and Rural)
~ ~ ~ Health Care Expenditures per Capita ($International) (Total spending in 2001) (Government. Spending in 2001)
~ ~ ~ (For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/population)

Tables ~ Gender and Development (p.161-164)
~ ~ ~ Contraceptive Prevalence (%) (1990-2002)
~ ~ ~ Women with Unmet Family Planning Needs (%) (1990-2002)
~ ~ ~ Maternal Mortality Rate (deaths per 100,000 live births) (2000)
~ ~ ~ Literacy Rate (%) (2000-2004) (Women and Men)
~ ~ ~ Annual Earned Income (International dollars) (1991-2000) (Women and Men)
~ ~ ~ Parliamentary Seats held by Women (% of total) (2004)
~ ~ ~ (For more information visit jttp://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/population)

Tables ~ Income and Poverty (p.165-168)
~ ~ ~ GDP per Capita PPP (International $) (2002)
~ ~ ~ National Poverty Rate (% of total population) (Total, Urban, Rural)
~ ~ ~ Percent of Population living on less than $1/ day and % living on less than $2/ day.
~ ~ ~ Gini Index (0= perfect equality)
~ ~ ~ For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/Economics

Tables ~ Economics and Financial Flows (p.169-172)
~ ~ ~ GDP (in Constant 1995 US$)
~ ~ ~ Average Annual Growth Rate of GDP (%) (1992-2002)
~ ~ ~ GDP per Capita (dollars) (2002)
~ ~ ~ Distribution of GDP by Sector (%) (Agriculture, Industry, Services) in 2002)
~ ~ ~ Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions (Net inflow) (2003)
~ ~ ~ Foreign Direct Investment (Net Inflow) (2002)
~ ~ ~ Official Development Assistance and Aid (2002)
~ ~ ~ Workers' Remittances as a % of GNI (2002)
~ ~ ~ Average annual inflation (%) (1998-2003)
~ ~ ~ For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/Economics

Tables ~ Energy (p.177-178)
~ ~ ~ Energy Consumption ~ Total from all Sources (1000 metric tonnes oil equivalent) (1991 and 2001)
~ ~ ~ Energy Consumption (Per Capita) (2001)
~ ~ ~ Energy Consumption (% in 2001) (Fossil, Solid Biomass, Nuclear, Hydro, Other renewables)
~ ~ ~ Population Relying on Solid Fuels (%) (2000)
~ ~ ~ Electricity Consumption per capita (KWH) (2001)
~ ~ ~ Percent of Population with Access to Electricity (2000)
~ ~ ~ Proven Fossil Fuel Reserves (millions of metric tonnes oil equivalent) (2003) (Coal, Oil, Natural gas)
~ ~ ~ Net Fuel Imports (1000 metric toe) (2001) (toe = tonnes of oil equivalent)
~ ~ ~ For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/energy

Tables ~ Water Resources and Fisheries (p.185-188)
~ ~ ~ Actual Renewable Water Resources (Total: in km3) (Per Capita in m3/ person)
~ ~ ~ Annual Water Withdrawals (Total in km3) (Per-Capita (m3/ person in 2000)
~ ~ ~ Annual Water Withdrawals by Sector in 2000 (Agriculture, Industry, Domestic)
~ ~ ~ Inland/ Marine Fisheries Production (in 1000 metric tonnes) (Capture) (Aquaculture)
~ ~ ~ Trade in Fish and Fisheries Products (million US$) (2000-2002) (Imports) (Exports)
~ ~ ~ Number of Fishers (2000)
~ ~ ~ Fish Protein as a % of Total Animal-Protein Supply (2002)
~ ~ ~ For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/freshwater

Tables ~ Land Use and Human Settlement (p.193-196)
~ ~ ~ Total land area (2002)
~ ~ ~ Land Area Classifications ~ Forested (MODIS Satellite Imagery in 2000 ~ land with greater than 50% tree cover, land with greater than 10% tree cover)
~ ~ ~ Land Area Classifications ~ Forested (FAO Estimate greater than 10% cover in 1990 and 2000)
~ ~ ~ Land Area Classifications ~ Agriculture ~ Arable and Permanent croplands (1992, 2002)
~ ~ ~ Land Area Classifications ~ Agriculture ~ Permanent Pasture (1992 and 2002)
~ ~ ~ Land Area Classifications ~ drylands.
~ ~ ~ Population Density (People per km2 in 2000)
~ ~ ~ Urban Population as a % of total (1990 and 2000)
~ ~ ~ Percent of Population Living in Cities with more than 100,000 people in 2002
~ ~ ~ Percent of Population Living in Cities with more than 1,000,000 people in 2002
~ ~ ~ Percent of Urban People living in Slum Conditions in 2001.
~ ~ ~ For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/forests

Tables ~ Food and Agriculture (p.197-200)
~ ~ ~ Agricultural Land Area (2002)
~ ~ ~ Irrigated Cropland as a Percent of Total Cropland Land (2002)
~ ~ ~ Labor Inputs to Agriculture (agriculture workers per ha of agricultural land) (2001)
~ ~ ~ Fertilizer Applied (kg/ ha) (2001)
~ ~ ~ Water Withdrawals (m3/ ha) (2000)
~ ~ ~ Cereals Received as Food Aid from Foreign Countries (1000 tonnes) (2002)
~ ~ ~ Net Cereal Imports as a % of Total Cereal Consumption (2002)
~ ~ ~ Cereal Fed to Livestock as a % of Total Consumption (2003)
~ ~ ~ Calorie Supply per Capita (kcal/ person/ day) (2002)
~ ~ ~ Share of Calorie Supply from Animal Products (2002)

For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/agriculture

More data tables are available on line at Earthtrends http://earthtrends.wri.org
(If you don't want graphics, just data, see the same information at http://earthtrends.wri.org/text.)
(A CD-ROM (also hardcopy) of Earthtrends data is also available. Visit http://www.wristore.com)

The book by Lester R. Brown titled "The oil intensity of Food" http://www.earthpolicy.org/Books/Seg/PB3ch02_ss3.htm Earth Policy Institute, Plan B 3.0 Book Byte (6/25/09) provides a lot of information pertaining to the energy dependence of the world's food supply. There is a brief analysis of the world's oil supplies, plus analyses of the energy costs of transportation, refrigeration, processing, packaging, marketing, kitchen preparation, fertilizer and irrigation.

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